Transcriptome profiling reveals differential expression of genes potentially involved in muscle and adipose tissue development of cattle

BACKGROUND: To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between muscle and adipose in cattle, we analyzed the data from the RNA sequencing of three Angus×Qinchuan crossbred cattle. RESULTS: Searched the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) for a microarray dataset of Yan yellow cattle, GSE49992. After the DEGs were identified, we used STRING and Cytoscape to construct a protein­protein interaction (PPI) network, subsequently analyzing the major modules of key genes. In total, 340 DEGs were discovered, including 21 hub genes, which were mainly enriched in muscle contraction, skeletal muscle contraction, troponin complex, lipid particle, Z disc, tropomyosin binding, and actin filament binding. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, these genes can be regarded as candidate biomarkers for the regulation of muscle and adipose development.

Irregular breakfast habits are associated with children's increased adiposity and children's and parents' lifestyle-related behaviors: a population-based cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Skipping meals, especially breakfast, is related to an increase in adiposity indicators, and this behavior is related to metabolic changes that predispose to the development of chronic diseases, recognized as major causes of death worldwide. The objective of the present paper was estimated the association between irregular breakfast habits with adiposity indices in schoolchildren and other lifestyle factors. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009­2010, including schoolchildren (n=10,243) between 6 and 9 years old (51.3 % girls) from 18 districts of mainland Portugal. Breakfast habits were as certained by asking a yes/no question ("Does your child eat breakfast regularly?"). An index estimated by performing principal component analysis was used to assess body adiposity from three different adiposity indicators (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the triceps, subscapular, and supra iliac skinfolds (used to estimate body fat percentage (BFP))). Multivariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the association of irregular breakfast habits with anthropometric indicators (BMI, BMI z score, WC, BFP, and adiposity index) and with children's and parents' lifestyle and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 3.5 % of the children did not have breakfast regularly (girls 3.9 %; boys 3.1 %; P= 0.02). Among boys, irregular breakfast habits were associated with lower fathers' education level, television time≥2 h/day, and soft drink consumption≥2 times/week. For girls, irregular breakfast habits were associated with lower mothers' education level and physical inactivity, soft drink consumption≥2 times/week, and <1 portion of milk/day. Multivariate linear models revealed a positive association between irregular breakfast habits with increased adiposity indicators among boys (BMI (kg/m2):ß= 1.33; BMI z score:ß= 0.48; WC (cm):ß= 2.00; BFP (%):ß= 2.20; adiposity index:ß= 0.37;P< 0.01 for all). No significant association was found for girls. CONCLUSIONS: Irregular breakfast habits were positively associated with boys' increased global adiposity and were significantly affected by children's and parents' lifestyle-related behaviors.

Mecanismos implicados en la aparición y regulación del proceso de remodelación del tejido adiposo y estado de lipoinflamación en la obesidad / Mechanisms involved in occurence and regulation of the process of adipose tissue remodelation and the state of lipoinflammation in obesity

INTRODUCCIÓN: la obesidad se acompaña de un estado inflamatorio crónico, lo cual trae efectos negativos a la salud. OBJETIVO: describir los mecanismos implicados en la aparición y regulación del proceso de remodelación del tejido adiposo y estado de lipoinflamación en la obesidad. MÉTODOS: se realizó una búsqueda en Medline/PubMed y Bireme, de artículos publicados en inglés y español en el período comprendido entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2015. Los términos de búsqueda fueron energy balance, regulation, nutritional homeostasis. DESARROLLO: las alteraciones del balance energético positivo determinan un balance de energía incrementado en el adipocito, en el cual ocurre hiperplasia e hipertrofia, lo que provoca resistencia molecular, hiperproducción de ácidos grasos libres, adipocitocinas y mediadores inflamatorios con promoción de disfunción sistémica; al mismo tiempo que se produce una hipoxia. Esta hipoxia provoca cambios en la expresión de algunas adipocinas y citocinas inflamatorias, y la muerte celular de los adipocitos más periféricos, que se traduce en un aumento de la reacción inflamatoria, la cual aumenta con la transformación de los macrófagos secretores de adipocitocinas antiinflamatorias a macrófagos secretores de adipocitocinas proinflamatorias, e infiltración de estos últimos en el tejido adiposo, todo lo cual lleva a una disregulación de la homeostasis. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES: existen diferentes mecanismos implicados en la aparición y regulación del proceso de remodelación del tejido adiposo y estado de lipoinflamación en la obesidad, los cuales determinan una comunicación alterada del tejido adiposo con otros órganos.

INTRODUCTION: obesity is accompanied by chronic inflammatory condition and brings negative health effects. OBJECTIVE: to describe the mechanisms involved in occurence and regulation of the process of adipose tissue remodelling and state of lipoinflammation in obesity. METHODS: a search of articles published in English and Spanish from January 2006 to December 2015 was made in Medline/PubMed and Bireme. The search terms were energy balance, regulation, and nutritional homeostasis. DEVELOPMENT: alterations in the positive energy balance determine an increased energy balance in the adipocyte in which hiperplasia and hypertrophy occur, which leads to molecular resistance, hyperproduction of free fatty acids, adipocytokines and inflammatory mediators with promotion of systemic dysfunction and at the same time hipoxia. Hypoxia causes changes in expression of some inflammatory adipokines and cytokines and the cell death of most peripheral adipocytes, all of which leads to increase of inflammatory reactions, the transformation of anti-inflammatory adipocytokine secretion macrophages into proinflammatory adipocytokine secretion macrophages and the infiltration of the latter in the adipose tissue and finally to homeostasis deregulation. FINAL THOUGHTS: there are several mechanisms involved in occurence and regulation of the process of the adipose tissue remodelling and state of lipoinflammation in obesity and they determine an altered communication of the adipose tissue with other body organs.

Lipoma gigante do coxim adiposo bucal: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Giant lipoma of the buccal fat pad: case report and literature review

INTRODUÇÃO: Lipomas são os tumores benignos mesenquimais mais comuns. Entretanto, são pouco frequentes na face, principalmente o tipo considerado gigante, derivado do coxim adiposo bucal. A literatura é escassa e provavelmente a sua incidência é subestimada. MÉTODO: Relato do caso de tratamento cirúrgico de lipoma gigante bucal e temporal recidivado, e revisão da literatura no Pubmed na língua inglesa e na Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica. RESULTADOS: O tumor, anatômica e morfologicamente, corresponde ao coxim adiposo bucal, foi totalmente retirado pelo acesso facial e temporal, sem sequelas ao nervo facial. Foram encontrados 31 casos relatados de lipoma de origem do coxim adiposo bucal, entretanto, vários casos foram encontrados e relatados sob outras denominações. DISCUSSÃO: O coxim adiposo bucal é maior e mais complexo que se conhecia, e várias patologias se derivam deste, sendo importante o diagnóstico diferencial do lipoma simples com o de células fusiformes e com o lipossarcoma, devido a sua extrema semelhança. CONCLUSÃO:Nas lesões lipomatosas da face, a possível origem no coxim adiposo bucal deve ser considerada. Um estudo amplo dessas lesões com a finalidade de uniformizar a terminologia e de determinar a sua real incidência deve ser realizado.

INTRODUCTION: Lipomas are the most common benign mesenchymal tumors. Nevertheless, they are infrequent in the face, particularly giant lipomas, which are derived from the buccal fat pad. The literature regarding these tumors is scarce and their incidence is likely underestimated. METHODS: We present a case report of surgical treatment of a relapsed giant buccal and temporal lipoma and review the related English literature in Pubmed and that in the Brazilian Journal of Plastic Surgery. RESULTS: The tumor, which anatomically and morphologically corresponded to the buccal fat pad, was completely excised by facial and temporal access without sequelae to the facial nerve. A total of 31 reported cases of lipoma originating from the buccal fat pad were found; however, several were found and reported under other names. DISCUSSION: The buccal fat pad is larger and more complex than assumed, and several pathologies are derived thereof, making the differential diagnosis of simple lipoma with fusiform cell lipoma and liposarcoma difficult due to their extreme similarities. CONCLUSION: In lipomatous lesions of the face, the possible origin in the buccal fat pad must be considered. An extensive study of these lesions with the purpose of standardizing the terminology and determining its real incidence must be performed.

Lipomatose simétrica múltipla / Multiple symmetric lipomatosisis

A lipomatose simétrica múltipla ou síndrome de Madelung é uma doença rara, caracterizada por depósitos de tecido adiposo de caráter benigno, de rápido crescimento, principalmente em região cervical, dorso e, mais raramente, membros e face, em geral relacionados ao alcoolismo crônico. O tratamento cirúrgico é paliativo e a recidiva é comum. Neste trabalho é relatado um caso de paciente portador de lipomatose simétrica múltipla, seguido de revisão de literatura enfocando diagnóstico e tratamento dessa afecção.

Multiple symmetric lipomatosis, also called Madelung's syndrome, is a rare disease characterized by the accumulation of rapidly growing benign fat tissue, particularly in the cervical region, back, and more rarely in the extremities and face. It is generally associated with chronic alcoholism. Surgical treatment is palliative, and relapse is common. This paper reports the case of a patient with multiple symmetric lipomatosis followed by a review of the literature addressing the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Evolução da estatura e da gordura corporal de crianças dos 7 aos 10 anos / Evolution of height and body fat of children from 7 to 10 years

Mudanças na composição corporal de indivíduos podem fornecer indícios importantes sobre a saúde individual e coletiva. Objetivo: Identificar mudanças na estatura e gordura corporal em crianças de 7 a 10 anos. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de três coortes de nascimento de escolares da Escola de Aplicação da USP, mensurados duas vezes ao ano, no período de 2005 a 2008. Foram avaliados a estatura, o peso e pregas cutâneas (tricipital, bicipital, supra ilíaca e subescapular). Resultados: O estudo teve início com 161 escolares com 7, 8 e 9 anos e terminou com 37 escolares com 10 anos. Neste estudo, não foi verificada existência de efeito de coorte. Agregando-se os participantes nas idades de 7, 8, 9 e 10 anos, tem-se que foram acompanhados no período de 4 anos, 457 escolares. Observou-se aumento da estatura com a idade, seguindo um padrão linear, com taxas diferentes de crescimento médio para meninos e meninas (em média 5,4 cm e 6,4 cm ao ano, respectivamente); Observou-se ganho médio de peso igual a 4,4 kg ao ano e diferenças entre os sexos, com meninos apresentado 2,4 kg a mais que meninas para cada idade; Observou-se aumento do tecido adiposo tanto pela soma das pregas cutâneas como pela prega cutânea tricipital com aumento médio de 7,0 mm e 2,3 mm ao ano, respectivamente. Conclusão: Conclui-se que, crianças de coortes mais recentes alcançam estatura, peso e soma de pregas cutâneas de crianças de coortes anteriores, não indicando efeito de coorte. Crianças de 7 a 10 anos apresentam crescimento linear na faixa etária, com valores médios maiores para meninas. O ganho de peso vem acompanhado do acúmulo de tecido adiposo, indicando ganho de gordura corporal.

Changes in body composition of individuals may provide important clues about individual and collective health. Objective: To identify changes in height and body fat in 7-10 year-old children. Methods: Data from three cohorts of students from Escola de Aplicação, University of São Paulo. Height, weight and skinfolds (triceps, biceps, supra iliac and subscapular) were measured twice a year and assessed. Results: At baseline 161 students aged 7, 8 and 9 years were enrolled. At the end, there were 37 10-year-old students. In this study, there was no cohort effect. Altogether, 457 students were followed for 4 years (7, 8, 9 and 10-year-old participants), who contributed with more than one measurement of each variable. Height increased with age following a linear pattern, with different growth rates when boys and girls are compared (on average 5.4 cm and 6.4 cm per year, respectively). Mean weight gain was 4.4 kg per year, with significant differences between genders (boys were 2.4 kg heavier than girls at each age). Adipose tissue increased when assessed through sum of skinfolds and tricipital skinfold, with mean increases of 7.0mm and 2.3mm per year. Conclusion: Given the results, it seems that 7 to 10 years old schoolchildren of both sexes exhibit linear physical growth as regards to height, weight and body fat accumulation.

Effects of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on gene expression and lipid metabolism of adipose tissue of growing pigs

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in adipose tissue explant cultures of growing pigs on the following responses: lipogenesis (measured as rate of 14C-labeled glucose incorporation over a subsequent 2-h incubation in the presence or absence of insulin), lipolysis (release of non-esterified fatty acid over a 2-h incubation in the presence or absence of isoproterenol), activities of lipogenic enzymes, and mRNA abundance of fatty acid synthase (FAS). Adipose tissue explants from nine growing pigs (78 ± 3 kg) were cultured in 199 medium with insulin, dexamethasone and antibiotics for 4, 12, 24, and 48 h. The treatments were 1) control: 100 μM polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); 2) pGH: 100 ng/mL porcine growth hormone (pGH) plus 100 μM PVA; 3) CLA200: 200 μM trans-10, cis-12 CLA; 4) CLA50: 50 μM trans-10, cis-12 CLA, and 5) LA: 200 μM linoleic acid. Fatty acids were added along with PVA (2:1), respectively, for 24 h. Explants were collected after each culture period and assayed for lipogenesis. Transcripts of FAS mRNA were quantified by real-time RT-PCR after 24 and 48 h. Lipolysis and activities of FAS, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and NADP-malate dehydrogenase were determined after 48 h. As expected, glucose incorporation was decreased (P < 0.05) in response to pGH treatment (positive control). LA had no effect on any parameter evaluated. Treatment with trans-10, cis-12 CLA decreased FAS activity (P < 0.05), but NADPH-generating enzymes were unaffected by treatments. Consistent with reduction in FAS activity, both lipid synthesis and FAS mRNA abundance were reduced with chronic CLA treatment, pGH increased baseline and stimulated lipolysis (P < 0.05) after 48 h of culture, while CLA treatment had no effect on non-esterified fatty acid release. Results of this study showed that trans-10, cis-12 CLA alters lipogenesis but has no effect on lipolysis...

Rol del tejido adiposo / Adipose tissue role

Currently the research on adipose tissue has yielded same insights of itïs function. On the embrionary state the differentiation between white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue signals different functions. The presence of multiple receptors and actions define itïs autocrine, paracline and endocrine roles

Determinantes del depósito de grasa corporal en embarazadas / Determinants of body fat deposition in pregnant women

Objetivo: Evaluar el depósito de grasa en embarazadas muestreando diferentes pliegues cutáneos (triceps, biceps, escapula, suprailiaco y muslo) y determinar los factores que deterninan el incremento en el depósito de grasa en grupo de embarazadas. Material y Metodos: Se estudiaron prospectivamente 85 embarazadas primestas, aparentemente sanas asistentes a control prenatal. Cada 4 semanas se evaluaron los siguientes pliegues cutáneos: bicipital, tricipital, escapular, suprailiaco, y muslo entre la semana 20 y 36 de la gestación. Resultados: El pliegue que mostro mayor incremento fue el pliegue del muslo, mientras que el bicipital, tricipital, y el suprailiaco mostraron cambios significativos solamente con respecto a los registrados en la semana 20 de la gestación. Las variables que mejor predijieron el depósito de grasa durante la gestación, fueron la edad cronológica y la ganancia de peso y edad de la menarquia

Areas muscular y grasa en niñas de 8 a 12 años: estudio longitudinal de Caracas / Arm muscular area and arm fat area in 8-12 year old girls from the Caracas longitudinal study

Los componentes muscular y graso del brazo, se recomiendan en la evaluación integral del estado nutricional. En este trabajo se analiza el crecimiento del componente muscular y graso del brazo y su relación con el estado nutricional, en niñas de estratos altos del Estudio Longitudinal del Area Metropolitana de Caracas (ELAMC), mediante las variables: Circunferencia de brazo (CB) y Pliegue tríceps (PTr) de 58 niñas con seguimiento entre 8 y 12 años (552 evaluaciones) y las variables estimadas: Area Muscular (AM) y Area Grasa (AG). Para el análisis nutricional se eligieron como punto de corte los percentiles 10 y 90 (dentro de la norma), >percentil 90 (sobre la norma y

Arm muscle and arm fat areas in infantile rickets

This study included 60 children with rickets aged 6-24 months and 20 controls of the same age and sex. Weight, height, mid arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness were measured for patients and - controls. Arm muscle area, arm fat area, weight for height and height for age were calculated for each child. The arm muscle and arm fat areas were significantly lower in the rachitic than in the control children. Arm muscle and arm fat areas were significantly lower in advanced than in early rickets. Bottle fed rachitic infants had significantly lower arm muscle area than the breast fed ones. Arm muscle and arm fat areas are more sensitine than the weight for height and the height for age ratios in the assessment of the nutritional status of rachitic children